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| Background: |
The Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes
was formed in 1918; its name was changed to Yugoslavia in
1929. Occupation by Nazi Germany in 1941 was resisted by
various partisan bands that fought themselves as well as
the invaders. The group headed by Marshal TITO took full
control upon German expulsion in 1945. Although communist
in name, his new government successfully steered its own
path between the Warsaw Pact nations and the West for the
next four and a half decades. In the early 1990s,
post-TITO Yugoslavia began to unravel along ethnic lines:
Slovenia, Croatia, and The Former Yugoslav Republic of
Macedonia all declared their independence in 1991; Bosnia
and Herzegovina in 1992. The remaining republics of Serbia
and Montenegro declared a new "Federal Republic of
Yugoslavia" in 1992 and, under President Slobodan
MILOSEVIC, Serbia led various military intervention
efforts to unite Serbs in neighboring republics into a
"Greater Serbia." All of these efforts were
ultimately unsuccessful. In 1999, massive expulsions by
Serbs of ethnic Albanians living in the autonomous
republic of Kosovo provoked an international response,
including the NATO bombing of Serbia and the stationing of
NATO and Russian peacekeepers in Kosovo. Blatant attempts
to manipulate presidential balloting in October of 2000
were followed by massive nationwide demonstrations and
strikes that saw the election winner, Vojislav KOSTUNICA,
replace MILOSEVIC. |
| Location: |
Southeastern Europe, bordering the Adriatic
Sea, between Albania and Bosnia and Herzegovina |
| Geographic
coordinates: |
44 00 N, 21 00 E |
| Area: |
total: 102,350 sq km
land: 102,136 sq km
water: 214 sq km |
| Area -
comparative: |
slightly smaller than Kentucky |
| Land
boundaries: |
total: 2,246 km
border countries: Albania 287 km, Bosnia and
Herzegovina 527 km, Bulgaria 318 km, Croatia (north) 241
km, Croatia (south) 25 km, Hungary 151 km, The Former
Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia 221 km, Romania 476 km |
| Climate: |
in the north, continental climate (cold
winters and hot, humid summers with well distributed
rainfall); central portion, continental and Mediterranean
climate; to the south, Adriatic climate along the coast,
hot, dry summers and autumns and relatively cold winters
with heavy snowfall inland |
| Terrain: |
extremely varied; to the north, rich
fertile plains; to the east, limestone ranges and basins;
to the southeast, ancient mountains and hills; to the
southwest, extremely high shoreline with no islands off
the coast |
| Elevation
extremes: |
lowest point: Adriatic Sea 0 m
highest point: Daravica 2,656 m |
| Natural
resources: |
oil, gas, coal, antimony, copper, lead,
zinc, nickel, gold, pyrite, chrome, hydropower, arable
land |
| Land use: |
arable land: 40%
permanent crops: 0%
permanent pastures: 20.7%
forests and woodland: 17.3%
other: 22% (1998 est.) |
| Natural
hazards: |
destructive earthquakes |
| Environment -
current issues: |
pollution of coastal waters from sewage
outlets, especially in tourist-related areas such as Kotor;
air pollution around Belgrade and other industrial cities;
water pollution from industrial wastes dumped into the
Sava which flows into the Danube |
| Environment -
international agreements: |
party to: Air Pollution,
Climate Change, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine
Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone
Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: Biodiversity |
| Geography -
note: |
controls one of the major land routes from
Western Europe to Turkey and the Near East; strategic
location along the Adriatic coast |
| Population: |
10,677,290
note: all data dealing with population is
subject to considerable error because of the dislocations
caused by military action and ethnic cleansing (July 2001
est.) |
| Age structure: |
0-14 years: 19.8% (male
1,095,905; female 1,024,123)
15-64 years: 65.3% (male 3,415,728; female
3,553,343)
65 years and over: 14.9% (male 681,559;
female 906,632) (2001 est.) |
| Population
growth rate: |
-0.27% (2001 est.) |
| Birth rate: |
12.61 births/1,000 population (2001 est.) |
| Death rate: |
10.54 deaths/1,000 population (2001 est.) |
| Net migration
rate: |
-4.71 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001
est.) |
| Sex ratio: |
at birth: 1.08 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.08 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.96 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.75 male(s)/female
total population: 0.95 male(s)/female (2001
est.) |
| Infant
mortality rate: |
17.42 deaths/1,000 live births (2001 est.) |
| Life
expectancy at birth: |
total population: 73.5 years
male: 70.57 years
female: 76.67 years (2001 est.) |
| Total
fertility rate: |
1.75 children born/woman (2001 est.) |
| HIV/AIDS -
adult prevalence rate: |
NA% |
| HIV/AIDS -
people living with HIV/AIDS: |
NA |
| Nationality: |
noun: Serb(s); Montenegrin(s)
adjective: Serbian; Montenegrin |
| Ethnic groups: |
Serb 62.6%, Albanian 16.5%, Montenegrin 5%,
Hungarian 3.3%, other 12.6% (1991) |
| Religions: |
Orthodox 65%, Muslim 19%, Roman Catholic
4%, Protestant 1%, other 11% |
| Languages: |
Serbian 95%, Albanian 5% |
| Literacy: |
definition: age 15 and over
can read and write
total population: 93%
male: 97.2%
female: 88.9% (1991) |
| Country name: |
conventional long form:
Federal Republic of Yugoslavia
conventional short form: Yugoslavia
local long form: Savezna Republika
Jugoslavija
local short form: Jugoslavija |
| Government
type: |
republic |
| Administrative
divisions: |
2 republics (republike, singular -
republika); and 2 nominally autonomous provinces* (autonomn
pokrajine, singular - autonomna pokrajina); Kosovo*,
Montenegro, Serbia, Vojvodina* |
| Independence: |
27 April 1992 (Federal Republic of
Yugoslavia or FRY formed as self-proclaimed successor to
the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia or SFRY) |
| National
holiday: |
Republic Day, 29 November |
| Constitution: |
27 April 1992 |
| Legal system: |
based on civil law system |
| Suffrage: |
16 years of age, if employed; 18 years of
age, universal |
| Executive
branch: |
chief of state: President
Vojislav KOSTUNICA (since 7 October 2000)
head of government: Prime Minister Dragisa
PESIC (since 24 July 2001); Deputy Prime Minister Miroljub
LABUS (since 25 January 2001)
cabinet: Federal Executive Council
elections: president elected by direct
popular vote for up to two, four-year terms; election last
held 24 September 2000 (next to be held NA 2004); prime
minister appointed by the president
election results: Vojislav KOSTUNICA elected
president; percent of vote - Vojislav KOSTUNICA 55%,
Slobodan MILOSEVIC 35% |
| Legislative
branch: |
bicameral Federal Assembly or Savezna
Skupstina consists of the Chamber of Republics or Vece
Republika (40 seats - 20 Serbian, 20 Montenegrin; members
distributed on the basis of party representation in the
republican assemblies to serve four-year terms; note - the
Assembly passed a new constitutional amendment calling for
direct elections for the deputies to the upper chamber)
and the Chamber of Citizens or Vece Gradjana (138 seats -
108 Serbian with half elected by constituency majorities
and half by proportional representation, 30 Montenegrin
with six elected by constituency and 24 proportionally;
members serve four-year terms)
elections: Chamber of Republics - last held
24 September 2000 (next to be held NA 2004); Chamber of
Citizens - last held 24 September 2000 (next to be held NA
2004)
election results: Chamber of Republics -
percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - SNP 19,
DOS 10, SPS/JUL 7, SRS 2, SPO 1, SNS 1; note - seats are
filled on a proportional basis to reflect the composition
of the legislatures of the republics of Montenegro and
Serbia; since 1998 Serbia has effectively barred
Montenegro from its constitutional right to delegate
deputies to the Chamber of Republics; Chamber of Citizens
- percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - DOS 55,
SPS/JUL 46, SNP 28, SRS 4, SNS 2, other 3 |
| Judicial
branch: |
Federal Court or Savezni Sud;
Constitutional Court; judges for both courts are elected
by the Federal Assembly for nine-year terms |
| Political
parties and leaders: |
Alliance of Vojvodina Hungarians or SVM [Jozsef
KASZA]; Civic Alliance of Serbia or GSS [Vesna PESIC];
Coalition Sandzak [Rasim JAJIC]; Coalition Sumadija [Branislav
KOVACEVIC]; Democratic Alternative of DA [Nebojsa COVIC];
Democratic Center or DC [Dragoljub MICUNOVIC]; Democratic
Christian Party of Serbia of DHSS [Vladan BATIC];
Democratic League of Kosovo or LDK [Dr. Ibrahim RUGOVA,
president]; Democratic Opposition of Serbia or DOS [leader
NA]; Democratic Party or DS [Zoran DJINDJIC]; Democratic
Party of Serbia or DSS [Vojislav KOSTUNICA]; Democratic
Party of Socialists of Montenegro or DPS [Milo DJUKANOVIC];
Movement for a Democratic Serbia or PDS [Momcilo PERISIC];
New Democracy or ND [Dusan MIHAJLOVIC]; New Serbia [Velimir
ILIC and Milan St. PROTIC]; People's Party of Montenegro
or NS [Dragan SOC]; Serb People's Party or SNS [leader
NA]; Serbian Radical Party or SRS [Vojislav SESELJ];
Serbian Renewal Movement or SPO [Vuk DRASKOVIC,
president]; Serbian Socialist Party or SPS (former
Communist Party) [Slobodan MILOSEVIC]; Social Democracy or
SD [Vuk OBRADOVIC]; Social Democratic Union or SDU [Zarko
KORAC]; Socialist People's Party of Montenegro or SNP [Momir
BULATOVIC]; Yugoslav United Left or JUL [Ljubisa RISTIC] |
| Political
pressure groups and leaders: |
Alliance for the Future of Kosovo or AAK
[leader RAMUSH]; Group of 17 Independent Economists or
G-17 [leader NA]; National Movement for the Liberation of
Kosovo or LKCK [Sabit GASHI]; Otpor Student Resistance
Movement [leader NA]; Political Council for Presevo,
Meveda and Bujanovac or PCPMB [leader NA]; The People's
Movement for Kosovo or LPK [leader NA] |
| International
organization participation: |
BIS, CE (guest), FAO (applicant), G- 9,
G-15, G-24, G-77, IAEA, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, ICRM, IFAD,
IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Inmarsat, Intelsat, IOC, IOM
(observer), ISO, ITU, NAM, OPCW, OSCE, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO,
UNIDO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTrO (observer) |
| Diplomatic
representation in the US: |
chief of mission: Ambassador
Milan PROTIC
chancery: 2410 California St. NW, Washington,
DC 20008
note: Yugoslavia restored its diplomatic
mission in the US in November 2000 after temporarily
ceasing its operations at the beginning of the March 1999
NATO bombing campaign |
| Diplomatic
representation from the US: |
chief of mission: Ambassador
William D. MONTGOMERY
embassy: Kneza Milosa 50, 11000 Belgrade
telephone: [381] (11) 645-655
FAX: [381] (11) 646-031 |
| Flag
description: |
three equal horizontal bands of blue (top),
white, and red |
| Economy -
overview: |
The swift collapse of the Yugoslav
federation in 1991 was followed by highly destructive
warfare, the destabilization of republic boundaries, and
the breakup of important interrepublic trade flows. Output
in Yugoslavia dropped by half in 1992-93. Like the other
former Yugoslav republics, it had depended on its sister
republics for large amounts of energy and manufactures.
Wide differences in climate, mineral resources, and levels
of technology among the republics accentuated this
interdependence, as did the communist practice of
concentrating much industrial output in a small number of
giant plants. The breakup of many of the trade links, the
sharp drop in output as industrial plants lost suppliers
and markets, and the destruction of physical assets in the
fighting all have contributed to the economic difficulties
of the republics. Hyperinflation ended with the
establishment of a new currency unit in June 1993; prices
were relatively stable from 1995 through 1997, but
inflationary pressures resurged in 1998. Reliable
statistics continue to be hard to come by, and the GDP
estimate is extremely rough. The economic boom anticipated
by the government after the suspension of UN sanctions in
December 1995 has failed to materialize. Government
mismanagement of the economy is largely to blame, but the
damage to Yugoslavia's infrastructure and industry by the
NATO bombing during the war in Kosovo have added to
problems. All sanctions now have been lifted. Yugoslavia
is in the first stage of economic reform. Severe
electricity shortages are chronic, the result of lack of
investment by former regimes, depleted hydropower
reservoirs due to extended drought, and lack of funds. GDP
growth in 2000 was perhaps 15%, which made up for a large
part of the 20% decline of 1999. |
| GDP: |
purchasing power parity - $24.2 billion
(2000 est.) |
| GDP - real
growth rate: |
15% (2000 est.) |
| GDP - per
capita: |
purchasing power parity - $2,300 (2000
est.) |
| GDP -
composition by sector: |
agriculture: 20%
industry: 50%
services: 30% (1998 est.) |
| Population
below poverty line: |
NA% |
| Household
income or consumption by percentage share: |
lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA% |
| Inflation rate
(consumer prices): |
42% (1999 est.) |
| Labor force: |
1.6 million (1999 est.) |
| Labor force -
by occupation: |
agriculture NA%, industry NA%, services NA% |
| Unemployment
rate: |
30% (2000 est.) |
| Budget: |
revenues: $NA
expenditures: $NA, including capital
expenditures of $NA |
| Industries: |
machine building (aircraft, trucks, and
automobiles; tanks and weapons; electrical equipment;
agricultural machinery); metallurgy (steel, aluminum,
copper, lead, zinc, chromium, antimony, bismuth, cadmium);
mining (coal, bauxite, nonferrous ore, iron ore,
limestone); consumer goods (textiles, footwear,
foodstuffs, appliances); electronics, petroleum products,
chemicals, and pharmaceuticals |
| Industrial
production growth rate: |
-22% (1999 est.) |
| Electricity -
production: |
34.455 billion kWh (1999) |
| Electricity -
production by source: |
fossil fuel: 70%
hydro: 30%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0% (1999) |
| Electricity -
consumption: |
33.006 billion kWh (1999) |
| Electricity -
exports: |
960 million kWh (1999) |
| Electricity -
imports: |
1.923 billion kWh (1999) |
| Agriculture -
products: |
cereals, fruits, vegetables, tobacco,
olives; cattle, sheep, goats |
| Exports: |
$1.5 billion (1999) |
| Exports -
commodities: |
manufactured goods, food and live animals,
raw materials |
| Exports -
partners: |
Bosnia and Herzegovina, Italy, The Former
Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Germany (1998) |
| Imports: |
$3.3 billion (1999) |
| Imports -
commodities: |
machinery and transport equipment, fuels
and lubricants, manufactured goods, chemicals, food and
live animals, raw materials |
| Imports -
partners: |
Germany, Italy, Russia, The Former Yugoslav
Republic of Macedonia (1998) |
| Debt -
external: |
$14.1 billion (1999 est.) |
| Economic aid -
recipient: |
$NA |
| Currency: |
new Yugoslav dinar (YUM); note - in
Montenegro the German deutsche mark is legal tender (1999) |
| Exchange
rates: |
new Yugoslav dinars per US dollar -
official rate: 10.0 (December 1998), 5.85 (December 1997),
5.02 (September 1996), 1.5 (early 1995); black market
rate: 14.5 (December 1998), 8.9 (December 1997), 2 to 3
(early 1995) |
| Fiscal year: |
calendar year |
| Telephones -
main lines in use: |
2.017 million (1995) |
| Telephones -
mobile cellular: |
87,000 (1997) |
| Telephone
system: |
general assessment: NA
domestic: NA
international: satellite earth station - 1
Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean) |
| Radio
broadcast stations: |
AM 113, FM 194, shortwave 2 (1998) |
| Radios: |
3.15 million (1997) |
| Television
broadcast stations: |
more than 771 (including 86 strong stations
and 685 low-power stations, plus 20 repeaters in the
principal networks; also numerous local or private
stations in Serbia and Vojvodina) (1997) |
| Televisions: |
2.75 million (1997) |
| Internet
Service Providers (ISPs): |
9 (2000) |
| Internet
users: |
80,000 (2000) |
| Railways: |
total: 4,059 km
standard gauge: 4,059 km 1.435-m gauge (1,377
km electrified)
note: during to the 1999 Kosovo conflict, the
Serbian rail system suffered significant damage due to
bridge destruction; many rail bridges have been rebuilt,
but the bridge over the Danube at Novi Sad was still down
in early 2000; however, a by-pass is available;
Montenegrin rail lines remain intact (2000) |
| Highways: |
total: 48,603 km
paved: 28,822 km (including 560 km of
expressways)
unpaved: 19,781 km (1998 est.)
note: because of the 1999 Kosovo conflict,
many road bridges were destroyed; since the end of the
conflict in June 1999, there has been an intensive program
to either rebuild bridges or build by-pass routes |
| Waterways: |
587 km
note: The Danube River, which connects Europe
with the Black Sea, runs through Serbia; since early 2000,
a pontoon bridge, replacing a destroyed conventional
bridge, has obstructed river traffic at Novi Sad; the
obstruction can be bypassed by a canal system but
inadequate lock size limits the size of vessels which may
pass (2001) |
| Pipelines: |
crude oil 415 km; petroleum products 130
km; natural gas 2,110 km |
| Ports and
harbors: |
Bar, Belgrade, Kotor, Novi Sad, Pancevo,
Tivat, Zelenika |
| Merchant
marine: |
total: 1 ship (1,000 GRT or
over) totaling 2,437 GRT/400 DWT
ships by type: short-sea passenger 1 (2000
est.) |
| Airports -
with paved runways: |
total: 19
over 3,047 m: 2
2,438 to 3,047 m: 5
1,524 to 2,437 m: 5
914 to 1,523 m: 3
under 914 m: 4 (2000 est.) |
| Airports -
with unpaved runways: |
total: 28
1,524 to 2,437 m: 2
914 to 1,523 m: 12
under 914 m: 14 (2000 est.) |
| Military
branches: |
Army (including ground forces with border
troops, naval forces, air and air defense forces) |
| Military
manpower - military age: |
19 years of age |
| Military
manpower - availability: |
males age 15-49: 2,600,362
(2001 est.) |
| Military
manpower - fit for military service: |
males age 15-49: 2,088,595
(2001 est.) |
| Military
manpower - reaching military age annually: |
males: 82,542 (2001 est.) |
| Military
expenditures - dollar figure: |
$760 million (FY00) |
| Military
expenditures - percent of GDP: |
NA% |
| Disputes -
international: |
Albanian majority in Kosovo seeks
independence from Yugoslavia; Croatia and Yugoslavia are
negotiating the status of the strategically important
Prevlaka Peninsula, which is currently under a UN military
observer mission (UNMOP); the February 2001 agreement with
the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia settled
alignment of boundary, stipulating implementation within
two years |
| Illicit drugs: |
transshipment point for Southwest Asian
heroin moving to Western Europe on the Balkan route |
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