|
|
|
| Background: |
The defeat of
the Russian Empire in World War I led to the seizure of
power by the communists and the formation of the USSR. The
brutal rule of Josef STALIN (1924-53) strengthened Russian
dominance of the Soviet Union at a cost of tens of
millions of lives. The Soviet economy and society
stagnated in the following decades until General Secretary
Mikhail GORBACHEV (1985-91) introduced glasnost (openness)
and perestroika (restructuring) in an attempt to modernize
communism, but his initiatives inadvertently released
forces that by December 1991 splintered the USSR into 15
independent republics. Since then, Russia has struggled in
its efforts to build a democratic political system and
market economy to replace the strict social, political,
and economic controls of the communist period. |
| Location: |
Northern Asia
(that part west of the Urals is sometimes included with
Europe), bordering the Arctic Ocean, between Europe and
the North Pacific Ocean |
| Geographic
coordinates: |
60 00 N, 100 00
E |
| Area: |
total:
17,075,200 sq km
land: 16,995,800 sq km
water: 79,400 sq km |
| Area
- comparative: |
slightly less
than 1.8 times the size of the US |
| Land
boundaries: |
total:
19,961 km
border countries: Azerbaijan 284 km, Belarus
959 km, China (southeast) 3,605 km, China (south) 40 km,
Estonia 294 km, Finland 1,313 km, Georgia 723 km,
Kazakhstan 6,846 km, North Korea 19 km, Latvia 217 km,
Lithuania (Kaliningrad Oblast) 227 km, Mongolia 3,485 km,
Norway 167 km, Poland (Kaliningrad Oblast) 206 km, Ukraine
1,576 km |
| Maritime
claims: |
continental
shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of
exploitation
exclusive economic zone: 200 NM
territorial sea: 12 NM |
| Climate: |
ranges from
steppes in the south through humid continental in much of
European Russia; subarctic in Siberia to tundra climate in
the polar north; winters vary from cool along Black Sea
coast to frigid in Siberia; summers vary from warm in the
steppes to cool along Arctic coast |
| Terrain: |
broad plain
with low hills west of Urals; vast coniferous forest and
tundra in Siberia; uplands and mountains along southern
border regions |
| Elevation
extremes: |
lowest
point: Caspian Sea -28 m
highest point: Gora El'brus 5,633 m |
| Natural
resources: |
wide natural
resource base including major deposits of oil, natural
gas, coal, and many strategic minerals, timber
note: formidable obstacles of climate,
terrain, and distance hinder exploitation of natural
resources |
| Land
use: |
arable land:
8%
permanent crops: 0%
permanent pastures: 4%
forests and woodland: 46%
other: 42% (1993 est.) |
| Irrigated
land: |
40,000 sq km
(1993 est.) |
| Natural
hazards: |
permafrost over
much of Siberia is a major impediment to development;
volcanic activity in the Kuril Islands; volcanoes and
earthquakes on the Kamchatka Peninsula |
| Environment
- current issues: |
air pollution
from heavy industry, emissions of coal-fired electric
plants, and transportation in major cities; industrial,
municipal, and agricultural pollution of inland waterways
and sea coasts; deforestation; soil erosion; soil
contamination from improper application of agricultural
chemicals; scattered areas of sometimes intense
radioactive contamination; ground water contamination from
toxic waste |
| Environment
- international agreements: |
party to:
Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air
Pollution-Sulphur 85, Antarctic-Environmental Protocol,
Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Seals,
Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Endangered
Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law
of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer
Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Wetlands,
Whaling
signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Sulphur
94, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol |
| Geography
- note: |
largest country
in the world in terms of area but unfavorably located in
relation to major sea lanes of the world; despite its
size, much of the country lacks proper soils and climates
(either too cold or too dry) for agriculture; Mount Elbrus
is Europe's tallest peak |
| Population: |
145,470,197
(July 2001 est.) |
| Age
structure: |
0-14 years:
17.41% (male 12,915,026; female 12,405,341)
15-64 years: 69.78% (male 49,183,000; female
52,320,962)
65 years and over: 12.81% (male 5,941,944;
female 12,703,924) (2001 est.) |
| Population
growth rate: |
-0.35% (2001
est.) |
| Birth
rate: |
9.35
births/1,000 population (2001 est.) |
| Death
rate: |
13.85
deaths/1,000 population (2001 est.) |
| Net
migration rate: |
0.98 migrant(s)/1,000
population (2001 est.) |
| Sex
ratio: |
at birth:
1.05 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.94 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.47 male(s)/female
total population: 0.88 male(s)/female (2001
est.) |
| Infant
mortality rate: |
20.05
deaths/1,000 live births (2001 est.) |
| Life
expectancy at birth: |
total
population: 67.34 years
male: 62.12 years
female: 72.83 years (2001 est.) |
| Total
fertility rate: |
1.27 children
born/woman (2001 est.) |
| HIV/AIDS
- adult prevalence rate: |
0.18% (1999
est.) |
| HIV/AIDS
- people living with HIV/AIDS: |
130,000 (1999
est.) |
| HIV/AIDS
- deaths: |
850 (1999 est.) |
| Nationality: |
noun:
Russian(s)
adjective: Russian |
| Ethnic
groups: |
Russian 81.5%,
Tatar 3.8%, Ukrainian 3%, Chuvash 1.2%, Bashkir 0.9%,
Byelorussian 0.8%, Moldavian 0.7%, other 8.1% |
| Religions: |
Russian
Orthodox, Muslim, other |
| Languages: |
Russian, other |
| Literacy: |
definition:
age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 98%
male: 100%
female: 97% (1989 est.) |
| Country
name: |
conventional
long form: Russian Federation
conventional short form: Russia
local long form: Rossiyskaya Federatsiya
local short form: Rossiya
former: Russian Empire, Russian Soviet
Federative Socialist Republic |
| Government
type: |
federation |
| Administrative
divisions: |
49 oblasts (oblastey,
singular - oblast), 21 republics* (respublik, singular -
respublika), 10 autonomous okrugs**(avtonomnykh okrugov,
singular - avtonomnyy okrug), 6 krays*** (krayev, singular
- kray), 2 federal cities (singular - gorod)****, and 1
autonomous oblast*****(avtonomnaya oblast'); Adygeya (Maykop)*,
Aginskiy Buryatskiy (Aginskoye)**, Altay (Gorno-Altaysk)*,
Altayskiy (Barnaul)***, Amurskaya (Blagoveshchensk),
Arkhangel'skaya, Astrakhanskaya, Bashkortostan (Ufa)*,
Belgorodskaya, Bryanskaya, Buryatiya (Ulan-Ude)*, Chechnya
(Groznyy)*, Chelyabinskaya, Chitinskaya, Chukotskiy (Anadyr')**,
Chuvashiya (Cheboksary)*, Dagestan (Makhachkala)*,
Evenkiyskiy (Tura)**, Ingushetiya (Nazran')*, Irkutskaya,
Ivanovskaya, Kabardino-Balkariya (Nal'chik)*,
Kaliningradskaya, Kalmykiya (Elista)*, Kaluzhskaya,
Kamchatskaya (Petropavlovsk-Kamchatskiy),
Karachayevo-Cherkesiya (Cherkessk)*, Kareliya (Petrozavodsk)*,
Kemerovskaya, Khabarovskiy***, Khakasiya (Abakan)*,
Khanty-Mansiyskiy (Khanty-Mansiysk)**, Kirovskaya, Komi (Syktyvkar)*,
Koryakskiy (Palana)**, Kostromskaya, Krasnodarskiy***,
Krasnoyarskiy***, Kurganskaya, Kurskaya, Leningradskaya,
Lipetskaya, Magadanskaya, Mariy-El (Yoshkar-Ola)*,
Mordoviya (Saransk)*, Moskovskaya, Moskva (Moscow)****,
Murmanskaya, Nenetskiy (Nar'yan-Mar)**, Nizhegorodskaya,
Novgorodskaya, Novosibirskaya, Omskaya, Orenburgskaya,
Orlovskaya (Orel), Penzenskaya, Permskaya,
Komi-Permyatskiy (Kudymkar)**, Primorskiy (Vladivostok)***,
Pskovskaya, Rostovskaya, Ryazanskaya, Sakha (Yakutsk)*,
Sakhalinskaya (Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk), Samarskaya,
Sankt-Peterburg (Saint Petersburg)****, Saratovskaya,
Severnaya Osetiya-Alaniya [North Ossetia] (Vladikavkaz)*,
Smolenskaya, Stavropol'skiy***, Sverdlovskaya (Yekaterinburg),
Tambovskaya, Tatarstan (Kazan')*, Taymyrskiy (Dudinka)**,
Tomskaya, Tul'skaya, Tverskaya, Tyumenskaya, Tyva (Kyzyl)*,
Udmurtiya (Izhevsk)*, Ul'yanovskaya, Ust'-Ordynskiy
Buryatskiy (Ust'-Ordynskiy)**, Vladimirskaya,
Volgogradskaya, Vologodskaya, Voronezhskaya,
Yamalo-Nenetskiy (Salekhard)**, Yaroslavskaya, Yevreyskaya*****;
note - when using a place name with an adjectival ending 'skaya'
or 'skiy,' the word Oblast' or Avonomnyy Okrug or Kray
should be added to the place name
note: the autonomous republics of Chechnya
and Ingushetiya were formerly the autonomous republic of
Checheno-Ingushetia (the boundary between Chechnya and
Ingushetia has yet to be determined); administrative
divisions have the same names as their administrative
centers (exceptions have the administrative center name
following in parentheses) |
| Independence: |
24 August 1991
(from Soviet Union) |
| National
holiday: |
Russia Day, 12
June (1990) |
| Constitution: |
adopted 12
December 1993 |
| Legal
system: |
based on civil
law system; judicial review of legislative acts |
| Suffrage: |
18 years of
age; universal |
| Executive
branch: |
chief of
state: President Vladimir Vladimirovich PUTIN
(acting president since 31 December 1999, president since
7 May 2000)
head of government: Premier Mikhail
Mikhaylovich KASYANOV (since 7 May 2000); First Deputy
Premier Aleksey Leonidovich KUDRIN (since 18 May 2000),
Deputy Premiers Aleksey Vasilyevich GORDEYEV (since 20 May
2000), Viktor Borisovich KHRISTENKO (since 31 May 1999),
Ilya Iosifovich KLEBANOV (since 31 May 1999), Valentina
Ivanovna MATVIYENKO (since 22 September 1998)
cabinet: Ministries of the Government or
"Government" composed of the premier and his
deputies, ministers, and other agency heads; all are
appointed by the president
note: there is also a Presidential
Administration (PA) that provides staff and policy support
to the president, drafts presidential decrees, and
coordinates policy among government agencies; a Security
Council also reports directly to the president
elections: president elected by popular vote
for a four-year term; election last held 26 March 2000
(next to be held NA 2004); note - no vice president; if
the president dies in office, cannot exercise his powers
because of ill health, is impeached, or resigns, the
premier succeeds him; the premier serves as acting
president until a new presidential election is held, which
must be within three months; premier appointed by the
president with the approval of the Duma
election results: Vladimir Vladimirovich
PUTIN elected president; percent of vote - PUTIN 52.9%,
Gennadiy Aadreyevich ZYUGANOV 29.2%, Grigoriy Alekseyevich
YAVLINSKIY 5.8% |
| Legislative
branch: |
bicameral
Federal Assembly or Federalnoye Sobraniye consists of the
Federation Council or Sovet Federatsii (178 seats; as of
July 2000, members appointed by the top executive and
legislative officials in each of the 89 federal
administrative units - oblasts, krays, republics,
autonomous okrugs and oblasts, and the federal cities of
Moscow and Saint Petersburg; members serve four-year
terms) and the State Duma or Gosudarstvennaya Duma (450
seats; half elected by proportional representation from
party lists winning at least 5% of the vote, and half from
single-member constituencies; members are elected by
direct popular vote to serve four-year terms)
elections: State Duma - last held 19 December
1999 (next to be held NA December 2003)
election results: State Duma - percent of
vote received by parties clearing the 5% threshold
entitling them to a proportional share of the 225 party
list seats - KPRF 24.29%, Unity 23.32%, OVR 13.33%, Union
of Right Forces 8.52%, LDPR 5.98%, Yabloko 5.93%; seats by
party - KPRF 113, Unity 72, OVR 67, Union of Rightist
Forces 29, LDPR 17, Yabloko 21, other 16, independents
106, repeat election required 8, vacant 1 |
| Judicial
branch: |
Constitutional
Court; Supreme Court; Superior Court of Arbitration;
judges for all courts are appointed for life by the
Federation Council on the recommendation of the president |
| Political
parties and leaders: |
Agrarian Party
[Mikhail Ivanovich LAPSHIN]; Communist Party of the
Russian Federation or KPRF [Gennadiy Andreyevich ZYUGANOV];
Fatherland-All Russia or OVR [Yuriy Mikhailovich LUZHKOV];
Liberal Democratic Party of Russia or LDPR [Vladimir
Volfovich ZHIRINOVSKIY]; Union of Right Forces [Anatoliy
Borisovich CHUBAYS, Yegor Timurovich GAYDAR, Irina
Mutsuovna KHAKAMADA, Boris Yefimovich NEMTSOV]; Unity
[Sergey Kuzhugetovich SHOYGU]; Yabloko Bloc [Grigoriy
Alekseyevich YAVLINSKIY]
note: some 150 political parties, blocs, and
movements registered with the Justice Ministry as of the
19 December 1998 deadline to be eligible to participate in
the 19 December 1999 Duma elections; of these, 36
political organizations actually qualified to run slates
of candidates on the Duma party list ballot, 6 parties
cleared the 5% threshold to win a proportional share of
the 225 party seats in the Duma, 9 other organizations
hold seats in the Duma: Bloc of Nikolayev and Academician
Fedorov, Congress of Russian Communities, Movement in
Support of the Army, Our Home Is Russia, Party of
Pensioners, Power to the People, Russian All-People's
Union, Russian Socialist Party, and Spiritual Heritage;
primary political blocs include pro-market democrats - (Yabloko
Bloc and Union of Right Forces), anti-market and/or
ultranationalist (Communist Party of the Russian
Federation and Liberal Democratic Party of Russia) |
| Political
pressure groups and leaders: |
NA |
| International
organization participation: |
APEC, ASEAN
(dialogue partner), BIS, BSEC, CBSS, CCC, CE, CERN
(observer), CIS, EAPC, EBRD, ECE, ESCAP, G- 8, IAEA, IBRD,
ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF,
IMO, Inmarsat, Intelsat, Interpol, IOC, IOM (observer),
ISO, ITU, LAIA (observer), MINURSO, MONUC, NAM (guest),
NSG, OAS (observer), OPCW, OSCE, PCA, PFP, UN, UN Security
Council, UNAMSIL, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIKOM,
UNITAR, UNMEE, UNMIBH, UNMIK, UNMOP, UNOMIG, UNTAET, UNTSO,
UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTrO (observer), ZC |
| Diplomatic
representation in the US: |
chief of
mission: Ambassador Yuriy Viktorovich USHAKOV
chancery: 2650 Wisconsin Avenue NW,
Washington, DC 20007
telephone: [1] (202) 298-5700, 5701, 5704,
5708
FAX: [1] (202) 298-5735
consulate(s) general: New York, San
Francisco, and Seattle |
| Diplomatic
representation from the US: |
chief of
mission: Ambassador Alexander VERSHBOW
embassy: Bolshoy Devyatinskiy Pereulok No. 8,
121099 Moscow
mailing address: APO AE 09721
telephone: [7] (095) 728-5000
FAX: [7] (095) 728-5203
consulate(s) general: Saint Petersburg,
Vladivostok, Yekaterinburg |
| Flag
description: |
three equal
horizontal bands of white (top), blue, and red |
| Economy
- overview: |
A decade after
the implosion of the Soviet Union in 1991, Russia is still
struggling to establish a modern market economy and
achieve strong economic growth. In contrast to its trading
partners in Central Europe - which were able to overcome
the initial production declines that accompanied the
launch of market reforms within three to five years -
Russia saw its economy contract for five years, as the
executive and legislature dithered over the implementation
of many of the basic foundations of a market economy.
Russia achieved a slight recovery in 1997, but the
government's stubborn budget deficits and the country's
poor business climate made it vulnerable when the global
financial crisis swept through in 1998. The crisis
culminated in the August depreciation of the ruble, a debt
default by the government, and a sharp deterioration in
living standards for most of the population. The economy
rebounded in 1999 and 2000, buoyed by the competitive
boost from the weak ruble and a surging trade surplus
fueled by rising world oil prices. This recovery, along
with a renewed government effort in 2000 to advance
lagging structural reforms, have raised business and
investor confidence over Russia's prospects in its second
decade of transition. Yet serious problems persist. Russia
remains heavily dependent on exports of commodities,
particularly oil, natural gas, metals, and timber, which
account for over 80% of exports, leaving the country
vulnerable to swings in world prices. Russia's
agricultural sector remains beset by uncertainty over land
ownership rights, which has discouraged needed investment
and restructuring. Another threat is negative demographic
trends, fueled by low birth rates and a deteriorating
health situation - including an alarming rise in AIDS
cases - that have contributed to a nearly 2% drop in the
population since 1992. Russia's industrial base is
increasingly dilapidated and must be replaced or
modernized if the country is to achieve sustainable
economic growth. Other problems include widespread
corruption, capital flight, and brain drain. |
| GDP: |
purchasing
power parity - $1.12 trillion (2000 est.) |
| GDP
- real growth rate: |
6.3% (2000
est.) |
| GDP
- per capita: |
purchasing
power parity - $7,700 (2000 est.) |
| GDP
- composition by sector: |
agriculture:
7%
industry: 34%
services: 59% (1999 est.) |
| Population
below poverty line: |
40% (1999 est.) |
| Household
income or consumption by percentage share: |
lowest 10%:
1.7%
highest 10%: 38.7% (1998) |
| Inflation
rate (consumer prices): |
20.6% (2000
est.) |
| Labor
force: |
66 million
(1997) |
| Labor
force - by occupation: |
agriculture
15%, industry 30%, services 55% (1999 est.) |
| Unemployment
rate: |
10.5% (2000
est.), plus considerable underemployment |
| Budget: |
revenues:
$40 billion
expenditures: $33.7 billion, including
capital expenditures of $NA (2000 est.) |
| Industries: |
complete range
of mining and extractive industries producing coal, oil,
gas, chemicals, and metals; all forms of machine building
from rolling mills to high-performance aircraft and space
vehicles; shipbuilding; road and rail transportation
equipment; communications equipment; agricultural
machinery, tractors, and construction equipment; electric
power generating and transmitting equipment; medical and
scientific instruments; consumer durables, textiles,
foodstuffs, handicrafts |
| Industrial
production growth rate: |
8.8% (2000
est.) |
| Electricity
- production: |
798.065 billion
kWh (1999) |
| Electricity
- production by source: |
fossil fuel:
66.31%
hydro: 19.79%
nuclear: 13.9%
other: 0% (1999) |
| Electricity
- consumption: |
728.2 billion
kWh (1999) |
| Electricity
- exports: |
20 billion kWh
(1999) |
| Electricity
- imports: |
6 billion kWh
(1999) |
| Agriculture
- products: |
grain, sugar
beets, sunflower seed, vegetables, fruits; beef, milk |
| Exports: |
$105.1 billion
(2000 est.) |
| Exports
- commodities: |
petroleum and
petroleum products, natural gas, wood and wood products,
metals, chemicals, and a wide variety of civilian and
military manufactures |
| Exports
- partners: |
US 8.8%,
Germany 8.5%, Ukraine 6.5%, Belarus 5.1%, Italy 5%,
Netherlands 4.8% (1999) |
| Imports: |
$44.2 billion
(2000 est.) |
| Imports
- commodities: |
machinery and
equipment, consumer goods, medicines, meat, grain, sugar,
semifinished metal products |
| Imports
- partners: |
Germany 13.8%,
Belarus 10.7%, Ukraine 8.3%, US 7.9%, Kazakhstan 4.6%,
Italy 3.8% (1999) |
| Debt
- external: |
$163 billion
(2000 est.) |
| Economic
aid - recipient: |
$8.523 billion
(1995) |
| Currency: |
Russian ruble (RUR) |
| Exchange
rates: |
Russian rubles
per US dollar - 28.3592 (January 2001), 28.1292 (2000),
24.6199 (1999), 9.7051 (1998), 5,785 (1997), 5,121 (1996)
note: the post-1 January 1998 ruble is equal
to 1,000 of the pre-1 January 1998 rubles |
| Fiscal
year: |
calendar year |
| Telephones
- main lines in use: |
30 million
(1998) |
| Telephones
- mobile cellular: |
2.5 million
(October 2000) |
| Telephone
system: |
general
assessment: the telephone system has undergone
significant changes in the 1990s; there are more than
1,000 companies licensed to offer communication services;
access to digital lines has improved, particularly in
urban centers; Internet and e-mail services are improving;
Russia has made progress toward building the
telecommunications infrastructure necessary for a market
economy; however, a large demand for main line service
remains unsatisfied
domestic: cross-country digital trunk lines
run from Saint Petersburg to Khabarovsk, and from Moscow
to Novorossiysk; the telephone systems in 60 regional
capitals have modern digital infrastructures; cellular
services, both analog and digital, are available in many
areas; in rural areas, the telephone services are still
outdated, inadequate, and low density
international: Russia is connected
internationally by three undersea fiber-optic cables;
digital switches in several cities provide more than
50,000 lines for international calls; satellite earth
stations provide access to Intelsat, Intersputnik,
Eutelsat, Inmarsat, and Orbita systems |
| Radio
broadcast stations: |
AM 420, FM 447,
shortwave 56 (1998) |
| Radios: |
61.5 million
(1997) |
| Television
broadcast stations: |
7,306 (1998) |
| Televisions: |
60.5 million
(1997) |
| Internet
country code: |
.ru |
| Internet
Service Providers (ISPs): |
35 (2000) |
| Internet
users: |
9.2 million
(2000) |
| Railways: |
total:
149,000 km
note: 86,000 km are in common carrier
service; 63,000 km serve specific industries and are not
available for common carrier use; 40,000 km of the railway
in common carrier use are electrified
broad gauge: 149,000 km 1.520-m gauge (1998) |
| Highways: |
total:
952,000 km
paved: 752,000 km (including, in addition to
about 336,000 km of conventionally paved roads, about
416,000 km of roads, the surfaces of which have been
stabilized with gravel or other coarse aggregates, making
them trafficable in wet weather)
unpaved: 200,000 km (these roads are made of
unstabilized earth and are difficult to negotiate in wet
weather) (1998) |
| Waterways: |
95,900 km
(total routes in general use)
note: routes with navigation guides serving
the Russian River Fleet-95,900 km; routes with night
navigational aids-60,400 km; man-made navigable
routes-16,900 km (Jan 1994) |
| Pipelines: |
crude oil
48,000 km; petroleum products 15,000 km; natural gas
140,000 km (June 1993 est.) |
| Ports
and harbors: |
Arkhangel'sk,
Astrakhan', Kaliningrad, Kazan', Khabarovsk, Kholmsk,
Krasnoyarsk, Moscow, Murmansk, Nakhodka, Nevel'sk,
Novorossiysk, Petropavlovsk-Kamchatskiy, Saint Petersburg,
Rostov, Sochi, Tuapse, Vladivostok, Volgograd, Vostochnyy,
Vyborg |
| Merchant
marine: |
total:
878 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 4,314,485 GRT/5,344,958
DWT
ships by type: barge carrier 1, bulk 20,
cargo 543, chemical tanker 4, combination bulk 21,
combination ore/oil 7, container 31, multi-functional
large-load carrier 1, passenger 35, passenger/cargo 3,
petroleum tanker 164, refrigerated cargo 24, roll on/roll
off 17, short-sea passenger 7
note: includes a foreign-owned ship
registered here as a flag of convenience: Reunion 1 (2000
est.) |
| Airports: |
2,743 (2000
est.) |
| Airports
- with paved runways: |
total:
471
over 3,047 m: 56
2,438 to 3,047 m: 178
1,524 to 2,437 m: 76
914 to 1,523 m: 69
under 914 m: 92 (2000 est.) |
| Airports
- with unpaved runways: |
total:
2,272
over 3,047 m: 28
2,438 to 3,047 m: 118
1,524 to 2,437 m: 204
914 to 1,523 m: 324
under 914 m: 1,598 (2000 est.) |
| Military
branches: |
Ground Forces,
Navy, Air Force, Strategic Rocket Forces |
| Military
manpower - military age: |
18 years of age |
| Military
manpower - availability: |
males age
15-49: 38,866,147 (2001 est.) |
| Military
manpower - fit for military service: |
males age
15-49: 30,337,743 (2001 est.) |
| Military
manpower - reaching military age annually: |
males:
1,242,778 (2001 est.) |
| Military
expenditures - dollar figure: |
$NA |
| Military
expenditures - percent of GDP: |
NA% |
| Disputes
- international: |
dispute over at
least two small sections of the boundary with China
remains to be settled, despite 1997 boundary agreement;
islands of Etorofu, Kunashiri, and Shikotan and the
Habomai group occupied by the Soviet Union in 1945, now
administered by Russia, claimed by Japan; Caspian Sea
boundaries are not yet determined among Azerbaijan, Iran,
Kazakhstan, Russia, and Turkmenistan; Estonian and Russian
negotiators reached a technical border agreement in
December 1996, which has not been signed or ratified by
Russia as of February 2001; draft treaty delimiting the
boundary with Latvia has not been signed; 1997 border
agreement with Lithuania not yet ratified; has made no
territorial claim in Antarctica (but has reserved the
right to do so) and does not recognize the claims of any
other nation; Svalbard is the focus of a maritime boundary
dispute between Norway and Russia |
| Illicit
drugs: |
limited
cultivation of illicit cannabis and opium poppy and
producer of amphetamine, mostly for domestic consumption;
government has active eradication program; increasingly
used as transshipment point for Southwest and Southeast
Asian opiates and cannabis and Latin American cocaine to
Western Europe, possibly to the US, and growing domestic
market; major source of heroin precursor chemicals;
corruption and organized crime are major concerns; heroin
an increasing threat in domestic drug market |
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